USA-Mexico's Immigration Relations Programs and Operations 1519 - 2015 Timeline

As I have, you've probably seen this type of post before, some longer than others or viceversa. I had a shorter version of it that I published about 14 years ago in my, now defunct, site on my comcast account. But i had a backup of my files of the comcast site and now, with the 2016 elections looming, there's little doubt that Immigration, for the umpteen time, will be a mayor issue. As a matter of fact, it already is as far as GOP candidate Donald Trump is concerned, for, he is already trying the tried and trite anti-immigration rhetoric. And why not? It has been to a varied degrees successful in stampeding the populace with fear of "The Others", i.e. non-white European (“Anglos”) foreigners/immigrants “Latin Americans/Indians”, for the last 150 years or so, particularly on economic downturn periods when the claim is made that the immigrants are to blame for taking the jobs away from the "Real Americans"(?) And committing crimes, or are the source of an increase in crime, when in reality, the opposite is true, at which point, for variousl reasons -- not the least racism, nativism, misplaced nationalism, etc. -- opportunistic politicians supported by ignorant demagogues, such as Donald Trump, start trumpetting the desperate need to implement immediately, stringent, cruel and without due process under the law, anti-immigrant measures/bills. US/Mexico's History is rife with examples of this behavior and the consequences, during and in the aftermath. where a myriad of laws and individual guarantees are violated leaving a swath of victims, such as to what the “Operation Wetback”, among other programs and operations have proved and yet, this is the model that Mr. Trump is proposing as his solution to Immigration during the current debates in the 2016 campaign. Hence, it seemed a good idea to post this UPDATED PIECE, if for no other reason, to have as much information on the issue as possible for reference on the dark history of the immigrant experience. To an extent, this post is incomple and does not touch how the politicians and populace reacted to the arrival of Jews, Italians, Slavs, Eastern Europeans, etc., that'd have to be another post, but for the moment, sufice to say that there is an echo in the experiences of these other ethnias paralleling what we hear about the Latin Americans, Chinese, Caribbean, Africans... NOTE: I've included a description on what you'll find at the end of the link. It shows the snippet on hover when you point at it like in this example. NOTE: Long story short, I like totally broke my blog and I'm rebuilding it and not very well, some of the old blog features seem still broken. :-( Aurora ### 1519 500 Nations - The story of native Americans - 1995 TV Mini-Series: An exploration of the various Native American nations and their fall to the European conquerors. Hosted by co-Executive Producer Kevin Costner, Narrated by Gregory Harrison | - Part I - The Ancestors., Part II - Clash of Cultures., Part III - A Cauldron of War, Part IV - Struggle for The West. U.S.-Mexico border region is inhabited by many Native American groups who have lived in the area for centuries. 1519-1521 Hernan Cortes conquers central Mexico. 1535 Spain establishes colonial government in Mexico. 1819 Adam-Onis Treaty: U.S.-Mexico boundary established by Spain and the United States. 1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain. 1821 Mexico permits Stephen F. Austin to start Texas colonization. 1824 Mexico becomes a republic. 1835-1836 Struggle Over Texan Independence. 1842 Juan Seguín is elected Mayor of San Antonio, Texas, but is forced to flee in response to Anglo aggression. 1846 The U.S. Mexico war begins. 1847 U.S. forces under General Winfield Scott enter Mexico City; peace negotiations with Mexico begin. 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brings the U.S.-Mexican War to an end. 1848 MEXICAN-AMERICAN LAND GRANT ADJUDICATION The Mexican War brought not only soldiers to the lower border country, but also a host of Anglo-Americans who began almost immediately to challenge the Mexicans for control of the land. Spanish and Mexican land grants, some of long standing, became the focus of competition, controversy, and conflict. Despite what Mexicans believed to be specific guarantees to their property and civil rights under Articles VIII and IX of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the older Mexican landholders on the north bank of the Rio Grande often found themselves uncertain about their rights to lands granted by Spain and Mexico. 1848 Gold is discovered at Sutter’s Mill in the Sacramento Valley area of California Gold is discovered at Sutter’s Mill in the Sacramento Valley area of California. By 1849, large numbers of U.S. pioneers and immigrants from around the world travel to the mining area. Many gold seekers set up camps on Mexican-held land, forcing out some of the original landowners. 1850 The Foreign Miners Tax is levied; Mexican (And Chinese (Who moved in after many Mexicans left)) miners are among the hardest hit. 1851 The California Land Act attempts to resolve property disputes between Anglos and Mexican Americans with the creation of a U.S. Land Commission. California regions with the largest Mexican American populations are systematically discriminated and taxed more than any other region. But this can be said of every state that went trough the ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION. 1853 The Gadsden Purchase Treaty is signed. 1853 The Surveyor of General Claims Office is established in New Mexico, though claims by Mexican Americans cannot be processed fast enough to prevent take-overs. 1857 Anglo businessmen try to push Mexican teamsters out of south Texas, violating the guarantees of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 1861 During the 1860s, Tiburcio Vásquez [1], [2],Joaquín Murieta [1],[2] And others who resisted are also labeled "bandits" (Just as Joaquin)for resisting the take-over of lands held by Mexican Americans in California. France, Britain, and Spain attempt to force Benito Juarez's government to repay debts owed. Even thought Britain and Spain withdraw, the French remain, hoping to establish a new empire. On May 5 (Cinco de Mayo), mestizo and Zapotec soldiers defeat the French army in the Battle of Puebla. 1867 Napoleon III of France withdraws his support from Maximilian, the Austrian archduke who had been made Emperor of Mexico, and Benito Juárez regains control of Mexico. 1883 Chinese labor is reduced because of the Chinese Exclusion Act, and railroad companies search for alternative sources of cheap labor. Mexican workers are increasingly recruited. 1890 Copper mining continues to lure people to Arizona driving more Mexican Americans from their lands leading to "The 1903 Mexican AFFAIR" at Clifton which erupted into "The Strike at Clifton in June 1903", 1890 Increasingly, Mexican Americans work for the railroads. Railroad construction continues throughout the early 20th century. [b]1894[/b] The Immigration Restriction League was founded. [b]1896[/b] In Re Ricardo Rodríguez, a landmark civil-rights case, began when Ricardo Rodríguez, a Mexican of humble means who had resided in San Antonio for 10 years, came before the federal district court of Judge Thomas S. Maxey in May 1896 to request final approval of his application for United States citizenship, which would naturally confer on him the right to vote. 1900 The corrido (ballad) of the border becomes popular as a musical form. 1900 Copper, silver, and zinc are found in Arizona and New Mexico; Texas begins to mine salt, it led to further expulsion of Mexican American land owners and the salt war of San Elizario. 1904 The first border patrol is established to stop Asian workers from coming into the United States through Mexico. 1910 Mexican Revolution begins. and manythousands of Mexicans flee across the border for safety. 1910 At the New Mexican constitutional convention, Mexican American delegates mandate that both Spanish and English be used for all state business; to support the conditions of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . 1911 tIn Mexico, Porfirio Díaz is forced to dissolve his governmen because of a successful revolt led by Francisco Madero. To protect its citizens and property, the U.S. sends troops to the border, where fighting in the Mexican Revolution is so close that U.S. citizens gather to watch. 1914 U.S. Marines are held by Mexican authorities at Tampico, Mexico. Despite Mexico’s apology, President Woodrow Wilson sends troops to Veracruz, Mexico and orders the U.S. fleet to attack and occupy Veracruz to assert the rights of Americans and as an effort to depose Victoriano Huerta, who soon resigns. 1916 General John J. Pershing leads 10,000 American soldiers into Mexican territory in retaliation for a raid on Columbus, New Mexico by General Francisco "Pancho" Villa. After 11 months, Pershing is forced to return to the U.S. without ever catching sight of Villa. U.S.-Mexican relations suffer because of the action. 1917 A secret telegram from Germany to Mexico—proposing an armed alliance between the two countries—is published and causes the U.S. to enter World War I. 1917 In spite of President Wilson’s veto, an Immigration Act that mandates a literacy test for immigrants is passed. 1921 The Immigration Act of 1921 restricts the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans. Agriculture lobbyists rally to block the movement to include Mexicans in the proposition. 1924 Immigration Act of 1924 halts the flow of other immigrant groups, border stations are established to formally admit Mexican workers, and a tax is collected on each person entering. 1924 Largely due to a lack of immigration quotas, more than 89,000 Mexicans come into the United States on permanent visas, making 1924 the peak year for Mexican immigration. 1928 The Good Neighbor Policy phrase was first coined by President Herbert Hoover, not President Franklin Roosevelt. Hoover was on a goodwill trip to Latin America soon after his election in 1928 when he gave a speech in Honduras announcing, "We have a desire to maintain not only the cordial relations of governments with each other, but also the relations of good neighbors." 1929 Mexican Repatriation Program refers to a forced return to Mexico of people of Mexican descent from the United States between 1929 and 1944. “It was a reaction to crys that Mexicans were taking away jobs from American Anglos.” -- A recurring theme to the present day (Nov. 2015) From Anti-Immigrant forces led by opportunistic politicians who give people what they want, someone to blame for their economic woes and biases. The mandate, carried out by American authorities, took place without due process. The Immigration and Naturalization Service targeted Mexicans in California, Texas, and Colorado because of "the proximity of the Mexican border, the physical distinctiveness of mestizos, and easily identifiable barrios." Studies have provided conflicting numbers for how many Mexicans were repatriated during the Great Depression, but estimates range from 500,000 to 2 million. In 2005, the State of California passed an official Apology Act" to those forced to relocate to Mexico, an estimated 1.2 million of whom were United States citizens 1931 Mexican American parents successfully sue the school board in Lemon Grove, California to prevent the segregation of their children from Anglo children. In what became to be known as The Lemon Grove Incident, The Nation's First Successful School Desegregation Court Case 1934 San Antonio community leader Eleuterio Escobar forms La Liga Pro-Defensa Escolar (The School Improvement League) because of the gross inequity in spending he discovered between Mexican American and Anglo public schools. 1933 President Roosevelt’s "Good Neighbor Policy" starts, which opposes armed intervention by any foreign power in the Western Hemisphere. Apparently except when is an European.force allied with the United States such as with Las Islas Malvinas (Fallklands Islands) 1934 The Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934 After hours of debate, the House initially passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act by a vote of 274 to 111 (with 47 Members not voting)—for the first time granting the President its traditional power to levy tariffs. 1935 Novelist John Steinbeck publishes Tortilla Flat, a novel about Mexican American life in the United States. 1941 The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) protests discrimination by the Southern Pacific Railroad, which refuses to provide skilled apprenticeships to Mexican Americans. 1942 The bracero program begins, allowing Mexican nationals to temporarily work in the United States – primarily in the agricultural industry. 1945 Mexican American veterans return from the war and use their G.I. benefits for college education, purchasing homes, and furthering the economic growth of the community. 1945 Josephina Niggli publishes Mexican Village, consisting of ten stories exploring her identity as part Mexican, part Anglo. 1947 Backed by LULAC, a suit by Gonzalo Méndez against many California school districts causes the Federal District Court to rule that segregation in schools is unconstitutional. This sets the judicial precedent for the Brown vs. Board of Education case, which repeals the "separate but equal" concept. 1947 Harry S. Truman becomes the first president to visit Mexico City, laying a wreath at the foot of the U.S.-Mexican war monument to the Niños Heroes . 1948 World War II veterans organize the American G.I. Forum in Texas to fight against discrimination and promote the welfare of Mexican Americans. 1951 The Bracero program is revived. 1953 Operation Wetback: The U.S. Immigration Service deports more than 3.8 million people of Mexican heritage. 1954 The film Salt of the Earth is heralded by many as a true representation of Mexican Americans and their struggle. 1962 César Chávez organizes the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in Delano, California. 1964 The first maquiladoras are established under the Border Industrialization Program; mass employment of cheap labor along the Mexican border by U.S. companies begins. 1964 The bracero program is finally repealed, and Mexican American labor leaders see an opportunity to work toward unionizing the farmworkers. 1965 The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 limits immigrants into the United States. 1974 The Mexican American Women's National Association (MANA) is established to advance the status of Mexican American women, promote leadership opportunities and work toward parity in the workplace. 1982 The largest increase of maquiladoras occurs after devaluation of the Mexican currency. 1994 The North American Free Trade Agreement -- NAFTA -- comes into affect, stimulating trade between the United States and Mexico. Massive increases in border populations occur due to the treaty. 1995 Ana Beatriz de Santiago, beauty queen of the U.S.-Mexico Sister Cities International Association, is detained for two hours by border agents on her way to a convention where she is to turn over her crown to the next queen. A customs agent reportedly lifted her dress and patted her stomach to determine whether she was pregnant. The Sister Cities Association formally complains to U.S. President Bill Clinton. 1996 Bill Clinton uses a strict approach to limiting illegal immigration in his re-election campaign in order to sway large electoral states, such as California and Texas. Under his direction, U.S. Border Patrols are bolstered, sensors are installed and 40 miles of 14-foot fence is built to deter the flow of illegal immigrants. 1996 The Clinton Administration takes credit for decriminalization of the border region, citing its increased funding of border police as major force in stopping crime. According to FBI reports, serious crime was down 30 percent in San Diego, Calif., 5 percent in Nogales, Ariz., 14 percent in El Paso, Texas and 20 percent in Brownsville, Texas. 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Division C of Pub.L. 104–208, 110 Stat. 3009-546, enacted September 30, 1996 (often referred to as "i-RAI-ruh," and sometimes abbreviated as "IIRAIRA" or "IIRIRA") vastly changed the immigration laws of the United States. This act states that immigrants unlawfully present in the United States for 180 days but less than 365 days must remain outside the United States for three years unless they obtain a pardon. If they are in the United States for 365 days or more, they must stay outside the United States for ten years unless they obtain a waiver. If they return to the United States without the pardon, they may not apply for a waiver for a period of ten years. 1997 Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g) odified at 8 U.S.C. § 1357(g), was added to the INA by section 133 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (Division C, Title I of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997, Pub.L. 104–208, 110 Stat. 3001, enacted September 30, 1996). Section 287(g) authorizes the Federal Government to enter into agreements with state and local law enforcement agencies, permitting designated officers to perform immigration law enforcement functions, pursuant to a memorandum of agreement, provided that the local law enforcement officers receive appropriate training and function under the supervision of sworn U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officers. Under 287(g), with federal approval and training, ICE provides state and local law enforcement officers with the training and authorization to identify, process, and--when appropriate--detain immigration offenders they encounter during their regular, daily law-enforcement activity. 1997 Clinton becomes the first president to visit Mexico since Jimmy Carter in 1979. He promises Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo that he will avoid "mass deportations" under the U.S. immigration policy. 1998 Bill Clinton signs a declaration with Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo committing their nations for the first time to devise a joint strategy for combating drug trafficking. 2003 Operation "Endgame" [pdf] the Clinton administration, minor misdemeanors can get legal immigrants deported. Naturally, it's made a good business. Since 1996, there have been a couple of other legislative breakthroughs that have helped boost the numbers of immigrants who are sent back where they came from. In 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) took over jurisdiction of immigration law enforcement. A year later, the DHS launched "Operation Endgame", a program designed to ensure that all deportable aliens are removed by 2014. In 2005, funding for immigration law enforcement was increased to $10bn, so the getting rid of undesirables plan is in full force and seems to be working out nicely. In 1997, according to the DHS, 51,000 immigrants with criminal convictions were sent home. In 2010, more than 500,000 immigrants were apprehended and 169,000 criminal aliens were deported (pdf). (As a point of interest, it should be noted that the vast majority of these deportees do not have white skin: 83% of the apprehended aliens in 2010 were Mexican or Latin American, and those from African countries make up most of the rest. It's hardly coincidental that the same population is more likely, in general, to be arrested, imprisoned and subjected to racial profiling.) 2005 Border Protection, Antiterrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 | H.R. 4437 AKA "The Sensenbrenner Bill" Co-Sponsors: Representative James Sensenbrenner (R-WI) and Representative Peter King (R-NY) SUMMARY: On Dec. 16, 2005, the Border Protection, Antiterrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 239 to 182. This legislation, sponsored by Judiciary Chairman James Sensenbrenner (R-WI) and Homeland Security Chairman Peter King(R-NY), seeks to address illegal immigration by strengthening interior enforcement of immigration laws and enacting additional border security measures. Provisions to establish a guestworker program are not included in this legislation. This document summarizes key sections of the bill that relate to state and local government. H.R. 4437 was the straw that broke the camel's back and is recognized as the cathalist for awakening a sleeping giant, which resulted in massive protests sustained for 10 weeks across the country, with a movilization of more than a million people between March 10, 2006 to May 25, 2006. The largest was held in Los Angeles where an estimated more than 500,000 people took to the streets. 2006 'Great American Boycott of MAYDAY 2006' for immigrant rights. The national call for a May 1 “Great American Boycott of 2006: No Shopping, No School, No Work” to demand full rights for immigrant workers and their families is gathering momentum. This call, initiated by the March 25th Coalition Against HR4437—a grassroots coalition that grew out of the Los Angeles action that brought hundreds of thousands of immigrant workers into the streets last month—has likened the May action to the Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott. Lessons of 2006 immigrant rights struggle that ring true today. Over the last five months, many new young leaders have risen up against police brutality, murder and racism, in the names of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, Tamir Rice and many others. The Twitter hashtag #blacklivesmatter has been voted “the word of 2014” by the American Dialect Society. As new young leaders continue the struggle against state racism and police terror, it can be helpful to reflect on a not-so-distant immigrant rights struggle that took place about nine years ago. 2006 - 2007 "Operation Return to Sender," Is the name for a massive sweep of illegal immigrants by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency that began on May 26, 2006. The sweeps netted illegal immigrants from 14 countries in all, including Mexico, Honduras, Ukraine, India, Japan, Poland and Trinidad and Tobago. An ICE press release from June 14, 2006 claims that Operation Return to Sender ended June 13, 2006. However, this is contradicted by numerous citations that the operation is ongoing, including one from the Contra Costa Times newspaper dated March 9, 2007, which quotes ICE as having arrested 13,000 more people from mid-June 2006 through January 2007, and also outlines the ACLU of Northern California's involvement in filing FOIA requests to find out more information about how ICE is conducting this operation. Raids in Marin County, California under "Return To Sender" occurred in early March 2007, showing that the operation continues . On June 6, 2007 ICE arrested 29 individuals in New Haven, Connecticut as part of Operation Return to Sender and arrested a few days later in nearby North Haven. Some of these individuals had no criminal or immigration history. 2008 - 2014 What is Secure Communities? Officially, (S-Comm) Secure Communities was an immigration enforcement program administered by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) from 2008 to 2014. As of September 27, 2011, Secure Communities was available in 1,595 jurisdictions in 44 states and territories. ICE plans to implement Secure Communities in each of the 3,100 state and local jails across the country by 2013. ICE reported that, as of September 30, 2011, over 11,000,000 fingerprint submissions have resulted in 692,788 database matches. As a result of Secure Communities, ICE had removed more than 142,000 persons.Secure Communities (s-comm) is an American deportation program that relies on partnership among federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the interior immigration enforcement agency within the Department of Homeland Security, is the program manager. 2014 Goodbye, Secure Communities. Hello, Priority Enforcement Program. The controversial Secure Communities (s-comm) program is coming to an end under Obama's executive action on immigration. A new program called the Priority Enforcement Program, or PEP-Comm for short, will take its place. But will it be much better? In his announcement Thursday, and then nearly verbatim in Las Vegas Friday, Obama stressed new targets for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS): "Felons, not families. Criminals, not children. Gang members, not a mom who's working hard to provide for her kids," the president said. "We'll prioritize, just like law enforcement does every day." Those dichotomies raise concerns for some. "I was thinking about how certain communities are over-policed à la Ferguson," says Angela Chan, policy director and senior staff attorney at the Asian Law Caucus. "This juxtaposition forgets the reality that some communities are over-policed and over-criminalized." Like PEP, s-comm, its predecessor created a path to deportation. The program--which began in 2008 under George W. Bush and escalated under by Obama--required local jails and prisons to hand over the fingerprints of anyone being processed to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), including people who hadn't yet had their day in court. If ICE deemed the person a threat it would issue them a so-called detainer, a 48-hour hold in a local jail or prison. Although detainers were supposed to last up to two days, many were extended by weeks or months at a time. And although s-comm was created to catch undocumented immigrants, it often swept up U.S. citizens, even those who hadn't been convicted of a crime. Some local agencies and entire states refused to cooperate with s-comm because the detainers weren't warrants issued by a judge. Rather, they were the result of decisions made by a federal agency plagued with problems. 2014 The program was replaced by Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) in July 2015. is a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) program designed to identify immigrants in U.S. jails who are deportable under immigration law. Under Secure Communities, participating jails submit arrestees’ fingerprints not only to criminal databases, but to immigration databases as well, allowing Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) access to information on individuals held in jails. Unlike other ICE-local partnerships, Secure Communities gives ICE a technological, not physical, presence in prisons and jails. Unlike the 287(g) program, no local law-enforcement agents are deputized to enforce immigration laws through Secure Communities. Why ‘PEP’ Doesn’t Fix s-comm’s Failings On November 20, 2014, President Obama announced executive actions to change some aspects of our immigration system. One of these announcements, outlined in a memo whose subject is “Secure Communities,” eliminated the widely discredited Secure Communities (s-comm) program and replaced it with the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP). We continue to learn more details about PEP, but what we already know raises serious concerns that PEP suffers from the same problems that led to s-comm being terminated. Like s-comm, PEP will result in the permanent separation of families through deportation and will threaten public safety by eroding trust between communities and the police. 2015 In the News The Great Sanctuary City Slander (Editorial, New York Times, October 16, 2015) Homeland Security Email Points to Ongoing Racial Profiling by Police (LA Times, Joseph Tanfani and Brian Bennett, October 15, 2015) Sheriff Steve Bernal Publicly Addresses ICE at the Jail for the First Time (Monterrey County Weekly, Ana Ceballos, October 19, 2015) Domestic Violence Survivors Urge San Francisco to Reject New Deportation Program (New American Media, October 14, 2015) Casa de MD Protests Priority Enforcement Program (WBAL-TV, Lisa Robinson, August 13, 2015) Immigration Agency Continues to Fail at Meeting its Own Standards More Blog, Tania Unzueta, August 29, 2015) ">DHS Faces Challenges as it Rolls Out Priority Enforcement Program (Immigration Impact, Wendy Feliz, August 5, 2015) Sheriff Candidates Turn Cold on ICE (Austin Chronicle, Caleb Pritchard, July 28, 2015) Protesters Opposed to ICE in Los Angeles County Jails Arrested (LA Times, Kate Linthicum, July 15, 2015) Latinos desconfían de ‘nuevo’ programa de seguridad (Statesman, Marlon Sorto, July 16, 2015) Immigrant Activists Give Stern 'PEP' Talk to Santa Ana City Council Over New ICE Program (OC Weekly, Gabriel San Roman, July 15, 2015) S.F. Immigrant Advocates Call for 'Sober' Dialogue in Wake of Killing (LA Times, Lee Romney, July 14, 2015) The False Framing of Kathryn Steinle's Killing (San Francisco Magazine, Joe Eskenazi, July 7, 2015) "All they did was change the name," Texas Sheriff Exposes PEP-Comm Deportation Program (Grassroots Leadership Blog, Cristina Parker, July 2, 2015) Judge Backs Immigrant Rights Group in Spat with Sheriff David Clarke (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Marion Renault, June 3, 2015) Immigrant Rights Group, Sheriff David Clarke Spar Over Records Request (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Bruce Vielmetti, May 6, 2015) Sheriff, Don't Work With ICE (Dallas News, Letter to the Editor, May 25, 2015) Dallas Meeting with ICE Chief, Sheriff Erupts in Anti-Deportation Chants (Dallas News, Dianne Solis, May 20, 2015) White House Seeking Support for Deportations (Baltimore Sun, Joseph Tanfani, Kate Linthicum, and Ian Duncan, May 11, 2015) ICE Director Clarification Rings Hollow to Group Stonewalled in Bid for Info on New Deportation Policy (District Sentinel, Sam Knight, March 23, 2015) Immigration Official Walks Back Support for Mandating that Police Hold Immigrants (Huffington Post, Elise Foley, March 19, 2015) New York Day Laborers Ask Department of Homeland Security for Transparency in New Deportation Program (Noticias Mundo Fox, March 17, 2015) Immigrant Rights Groups Serve FOIA Request to Uncover Truth About ICE's "Discontinuation" of Secure Communities (New American Media, March 6, 2015) Immigrants Ask for Transparency in New Deportation Program (Hola Ciudad, March 3, 2015) PEP-Comm: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing? (New America Media, Reshma Shamasunder, Nov 25, 2014) Goodbye, Secure Communities. Hello, Priority Enforcement Program (Colorlines, Aura Bogado, November 21, 2014)